How muscles become strong after microscopic damage? How muscles are built?

Muscles, we have over 600 of them. They make up between 1/3 and 1/2 of your body weight, and along with connective tissue, they bind us together, hold us up, and help us move. And whether or not bodybuilding is your hobby, muscle needs your constant attention because the way you treat them on a daily basis determines they will wither or grow.

Say you’re standing in front of a door, ready to pull it open. Your brain and muscle are perfectly poised to help you achieve this goal.

First your brain sends a signal to motor neurons inside your arm. When they receive this message, they fire, causing muscle to contract and relax, which pull on the bones in your arm and generate the needed movement. The bigger the challenge becomes, the bigger the brain’s signal grows, and the more motor units it rallies to help you achieve your task.

But what if the door is made of solid iron?

At this point, your arm muscles alone won’t be able to generate enough tension to pull it open, so your brain appeals to other muscles for help. You plant your feet, tighten your belly, and tense your back, generating enough force to yank it open.

Your nervous system has just leveraged the resources you already have, other muscles, to meet the demand.

While all this is happening, you muscle fibers undergo another kind of cellular change. As you expose them to stress, they experience microscopic damage, which in this context, is a good thing. In response, the injured cells release inflammatory molecules called cytokines that activate the immune system to repair the injury.

This is when the muscle-building magic happens. The greater the damage to the muscle tissue, the more your body will need to repair itself. The resulting cycle of damage and repair eventually makes muscles bigger and stronger as they adapt to progressively greater demands.

Since our bodies have already adapted to most everyday activities, those generally don’t produce enough stress to stimulate new muscle growth. So, to build new muscle, a process called hypertrophy, our cells need to be exposed to higher workloads than they are used to. In fact, if you don’t continuously expose your muscles to some resistance, they will shrink, a process known as muscular atrophy. 

In contrast, exposing the muscle to a high-degree of tension,  especially while the muscle is lengthening, also called an eccentric contraction, generates effective contions for new growth.

However, muscles rely on more than just activity to grow. Without proper nutrition, hormones, and rest, your body would never be able to repair damaged muscle fibers.

Protein in our diet preserves muscle mass by providing the building blocks of new tissue in the form of amino acids. Adequate protein intake, along with naturally occurring hormones, like insulin-like growth factor and testosterone, help shift the body into a state where tissue is repaired and grown. This vital repair process mainly occurs when we’re resting, especially at night while sleeping.

Gender and age affect this repair mechanism, which is why young men with more testosterone have a leg up in the muscle building game. Genetic factors also play a role in one’s ability to grow muscle. Some people have more robust immune reactions to muscle damage, and are better able to repair and replace damaged muscle fibers, increasing their muscle-building potential.

The body responds to the demands you place on it. If your tear your muscles up, eat right, rest and repeat, you’ll create the conditions to make your muscles as big and strong as possible. It is with muscles as it is with life: Meaningful growth requires challenge and stress.